![]() ![]() Microglia constitute the first line of cellular defense mechanisms against central nervous system diseases, participating in the regulation of nonspecific inflammation as well as adaptive immune response. In vertebrates, microglia are currently considered to be a kind of sensor in the brain because they respond to alterations in the brain and are activated by such changes. Microglial cells are regulators of tissue homeostasis in the adult central nervous system and readily participate in pathological processes, orchestrating tissue remodeling. The study of this dialog is necessary to elucidate the balance of the inflammation leading to the leech CNS repair.Īlthough long underestimated, microglia nowadays comprise an attractive target for accessing the diseased CNS. Those questions aim to better understand the mechanisms of microglial cell recruitment and their crosstalk with damaged neurons. They will discuss the implication of leech factors in the microglial accumulation, the identification of nerve cells producing these molecules, and the study of different microglial subsets. The present review will describe the questions which are addressed to understand the nerve repair. The microglia recruitment is known to be essential for the usual sprouting of injured axons and does not require any other glial cells. Considering the low infiltration of blood cells in this process, the leech CNS is studied to specify the activation mechanisms of only resident microglial cells. The medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis is a well-known model in neurobiology due to its ability to naturally repair its CNS following injury. Functions of microglia appear to be complex as they exhibit both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects during neuropathological conditions in vivo and in vitro. During pathologies in mammals, inflammatory processes implicate the resident microglia and the infiltration of blood cells including macrophages. ⇒ ‘To break the chain of causation it must be shown that there is…a new cause which disturbs the sequence of events, something which can be described as either unreasonable or extraneous or extrinsic.Microglia are intrinsic components of the central nervous system (CNS). ⇒ Unreasonable actions would have broken the chain of causation → so if one of the lifeboat crew had drowned after deciding to swim to the Oropesa then the chain would have been broken and the owners of Oropesa would not have been liable for his death ![]() Held: The court held that the owners of The Oropesa were liable: the actions of the captain of the other ship did not break the chain of causation because they were reasonable in all the circumstances. The lifeboat capsized in the heavy seas and 9 of the crew drowned. An hour later he set off with another 16 of crewmembers, to go to the Oropesa, in another lifeboat. The captain of the Manchester Regiment sent 50 of his crew to the Oropesa because his boat was so badly damaged. Lord Reid (dissenting) said that a “grave lack of skill or care on the part of the doctor” treating an injury could amount to a novus actus interveniens.įacts: A ship called The Oropesa was negligently navigated and collided with another ship, the Manchester Regiment. It was “axiomatic” that later negligence by a doctor (so in principle, presumably anyone’s later negligence) would amount to a “new cause” and so break the chain of causation flowing from the original accident. Held: Whether a chain of causation had been broken was a question of fact. The question was whether the surgeon was negligent in having the thumb amputated as it is argued that this was not necessary He applied for compensation on the ground of this incapacity. The result of the operation left him with more pain and meant he could only do light work. He was advised that an operation was required to remove not just the extra thumb but also the joint of the normal thumb. He was then sent to hospital where it was discovered that the fracture had not united. It was treated by splinting but the pain continued. ![]() He fractured the superfluous thumb whilst working. Facts: A person had one normal thumb and a second superfluous thumb on the same hand. ![]()
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